Fractal Behaviors of Hydraulic Head and Surface Runoff of the Nested Groundwater Flow Systems in Response to Rainfall Fluctuations

The responses of the nested groundwater flow systems (NGFS) to rainfall fluctuations and impacts NGFS on surface runoff are explored using a fully coupled variably saturated groundwater-surface water model in conjunction with spectral analysis. Numerical experiments designed investigate fractal behaviors hydraulic head different scenarios. results show that inlets, outlets, patterns sub-systems can change rainfall. scaling-exponent, defined as slope power spectra or runoff, is used depict behaviors. scaling-exponent highly variable within unsaturated zone local but remains constant intermediate regional systems. Whether exhibits linear relation watershed size depends proportion baseflow runoff.